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All-purpose flour

A versatile wheat flour that may be bleached or unbleached. It's a highly refined product and is stripped of all the fiber, bran, minerals, and vitamins naturally found in the whole wheat kernel. It's high in gluten. It's among the most inflammatory food ...

Allergy (immune hyperreaction)

★★★

An immune hypersensitivity reaction wherein white blood cells become overstimulated by exposure to harmless (such as natural food) or potentially harmful (such as synthetic chemicals) substances, leading to an inflammatory response to protect the body. I ...

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA or LNA; polyunsaturated fatty...

★★★★★

A type of omega-3 fat that's essential to human health. It's found mostly in plants (especially seeds). The body incorporates it into cell membranes and also converts it into other omega-3s such as DHA (docosahaexanoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic aci ...

Alpha-tocopherol

★★★★

See Vitamin E.

Alzheimer's disease (neurological degenerative disease)

The most common form of dementia. Symptoms include confusion, irritability and aggression, language breakdown, long-term memory loss, and social withdrawal as senses decline. Research indicates the disease is associated with inflammation-associated plaqu ...

Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.)

Also known as pigweed. An herbaceous plant of the amaranth or goosefoot (Chenopodiaceae) family that's closely related to beet, chard, quinoa, and spinach. There are more than 70 amaranth varieties that are valued around the world as leaf vegetables, cer ...

Amasake (fermented rice beverage)

★★★★

Also known as amazake. A traditional Japanese beverage made from rice fermented with rice mold, Aspergillus oryzae, which is also used to make miso, sake, and soy sauce. Amasake is sweet, nutritious, and contains no (or very little) alcohol. It's made wi ...

Amino acid (essential nutrient)

★★★★

The building blocks of proteins. Amino acids are essential for life because of their critical roles in metabolism and growth. See also Protein.

Aminopolysaccharide (type of fibre)

  Protein-like substances that cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes and thus can technically be considered fibres. However, they are not included in the classic definition of a fibre because they are not of plant origin. Aminopolys ...

Amylase (enzyme)

A group of starch-digesting enzymes produced by the salivary glands and pancreas. They're also produced by some plants and bacteria. Amylases break down starches into sugars. See also Enzyme.

Angiogenesis (physiological process)

One process by which new vascular tissue (i.e., blood vessels) grows and develops either from existing vasculature or during foetal development. Angiogenesis is essential for supporting the growth of new tissues (for example, for supporting muscle grow ...

Annatto (natural food color)

★★★★★

Also known as roucou. A red food color derived from the fruit flesh of South American achiote trees (Bixa orellana). Achiote seeds are also used as culinary spices in Latin America and Southeast Asia. As a natural, herb derived color, annatto does not ca ...

Anthocyanin (antioxidant, natural anti-histamine, natur...

★★★★½

A type of flavonoid plant pigment that gives fruits, vegetables, and flowers colors that range from deep blue to purple. Anthocyanins promote cardiovascular health, nourish the eyes, and reduce allergic reactions. They're commercially extracted from grap ...

Antibody (Ab; immune system protein)

★★

Also known as immunoglobulin (Ig). A protein produced by a type of immune system white blood cell known as B-cell lymphocytes. Antibodies identify and neutralize foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, pollen, or food particles. See also Adaptive i ...

Antigen (Ag; immune-triggering substance)

★★★★★

A substance such as a protein or polysaccharide (complex carbohydrate) that prompts the production of antibodies by the immune system. The immune system treats antigens as foreign and potentially harmful substances that must be removed from the organism. ...

Antioxidant (nutrient)

A class of substances produced by plants and animals (including humans) that prevent and repair free radical (oxidative) damage to cells. When our body cells use oxygen (for example, during metabolism and in producing cell energy), they naturally produce ...

Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA; cyanobacteria)

A freshwater cyanobacteria, sold as a nutritional supplement. In Oregon, it's harvested from Upper Klamath Lake and marketed by the company E3Live. See also Algae, Cyanobacteria.

ARA

★★★★★

See Arachidonic Acid.

Arachidonic acid (AA or ARA; polyunsaturated fatty acid...

★★

A type of omega-6 polyunsaturated fat found in animal cells, as well as some algae and fungi. It's a vital precursor to the production of hormonelike substances that are involved in cell metabolism, cell communication, immune response, wound healing, blo ...

Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea)

Also known as the obedience plant. A large, tropical, herbaceous plant distantly related to galangal, ginger, and turmeric. It grows nutritious rhizomes that are eaten whole, used as a gluten-free substitute for wheat flour, or as a substitute for cornst ...

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Glossary's Last Update

28 January 2012
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